PSY 364, Section 2

Spring  2000

STUDY GUIDE FOR TEST 2

TERMS TO KNOW:

Law of effect                                   reinforcer/reinforcement                    punisher/punishment
positive reinforcement                    negative reinforcement                      positive punishment
negative punishment                     Taste Aversion                                  Expectancy                        "satisfying state of affairs"               Skinner's version of Law of effect       Thorndik's version of L of E
Preparedness                                 Predictability  in classical cond.         Puzzle Box Exper's
Contingencies                                Shaping                                           Thorndike
Skinner                                         Time-out                                          CS vs US vs UR vs CR
Overcorrection                               Instinctive Drift                               SSDR's
A priori reinforcement                    Meehl's law of effect                          Premack:diff. probab model
Disequilibrium model                     response deprivation                        Response satiation
equipotentiality principle               Garcia's experiment                          Instinctive drift                  behavioral economics                     approach-avoidance                          avoidance-avoidance             approach-approach                        win-shift strategy                              win-stay strategy             Lorenz's hydraulic theory               Catharsis hypothesis theory              types of aggression
submissive displays                        sexual signals and aggression           juvenile char's and aggress. role of learning in aggression          changing aggressive behaviors        General Adaptation syndrome  three stages of stress                       psychosomatic illness                       effects of stress on body  hypothalamus and stress                ACTH,adrenal glands and stress      stress and immune system      antigens                                        antibodies                                       leucocytes and lymphocytes  immunosupression                         stress and cancer

ESSAY QUESTIONS:

1. How are the concepts of expectancy and preparedness important in defining and describing motivated behavior?

2. Give your own example of operant conditioning. How does conditioning fit in with motivation? That is, why is this type of learning important in "motivating" the animal?

3. Briefly outline and describe conceptual changes in reinforcement theory, as discussed in class. How does the current view change how we think about reinforcers and punishers?

4. What is the equipotentiality principle? Is it correct? Show why or why not using evidence from research discussed in class or in your book.

5. Define decision, choice and allocation. Using at least 2 of the following models, compare how each model predicts the decision making process: a) progeny payoff; b) the matching law; c) optimization theory.

6. You are a member of an ethics committee, and it is your job to write and review guidelines for the use of reinforcement and punishment programs. Based upon your reading and class lecture, when is it appropriate to use a) positive reinforcement; b) negative reinforcement; c) positive punishment and d) negative punishment? What side effects might you warn the program implementors about?

7. The disequilibrium approach is a newer model or reinforcement and punishment. Explain why this is a more "motivational" model than a traditional Skinnerian model. Why is this important for motivation and learning?

8. Compare and contrast Lorenz's hydraulic theory of aggression with the catharsis hypothesis of aggression. Which is more accurate, if any?

9. Distinguish between three types/forms of aggression. What types of submission behaviors do you think would most reduce/modify each type?

10. Is aggression learned, innate, neither or both? Defend your answer with material from the book and/o lecture.

11. Define stress and describe the general adaptation syndrome.

12. What are the three stages of stress? How are long term stress versus short-term stress  important for these three stages?

13. Write a short article (1 page) for the Pantagraph which defines stress and gives the reader some general hints for dealing with stress.

14. What are the physical effects of long-term stress? What the "mental" effects of long-term stress? Are mental and physical stress really different?